Brazil does have a system similar to what you mentioned. It's called PIX (https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/pix_en) and it's basically an API that banks and payments systems implements and we use to make instant transfer from/to any bank account in the country. Can also be used to pay for things, most of the card machines that we have in the country today support paying with Pix instead of a Credit/Debit card as well, you read a QR code with your bank app and pay for whetever you're buying (from a big grocery store to a street vendor selling popcorn).

Brazil has a lot of negatives, but I always find amusing that we managed to have a bank system that is light years ahead of the US.