There are various tools that professionals use to analyze this question. Google Books' Ngrams data seems to be popular.
Here's a paper whose methodology addresses some of your question:
Jean-Baptiste Michel et al. Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books. Science 331, 176-182 (2011). DOI:10.1126/science.1199644
Here's a paper whose methodology addresses some of your question:
Jean-Baptiste Michel et al. Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books. Science 331, 176-182 (2011). DOI:10.1126/science.1199644
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1199644