~95% iirc assuming 'perfect' cells. There are some very impressive triple layer panels out there that do 44%+ right now, these are typically used in space applications.
The balance between incident radiation and power produced is an interesting one, a 'perfect' solar panel would remain cold. Solar panels tend to produce less power as they warm up, so the better a solar panel gets at converting power the less it will get warmer! So there is a positive feedback mechanism at work here.
Typical run-of-the-mill cells are 25% (single junction), and on cold clear winter days they can keep that up for quite a while. So that's 250 Watts per square meter of panel.
I did some simulations to figure out the exact gain you could get from perfect seasonal and day tracking, it's about 28%, but no tracking system will ever reach that in practice. Typical reasons why you won't get to perfect: tracking systems tend to hunt the clouds if they are not clock based, otoh if they are clock based they tend to perform badly because they use energy to move when they're not producing energy themselves!
The balance between incident radiation and power produced is an interesting one, a 'perfect' solar panel would remain cold. Solar panels tend to produce less power as they warm up, so the better a solar panel gets at converting power the less it will get warmer! So there is a positive feedback mechanism at work here.
Typical run-of-the-mill cells are 25% (single junction), and on cold clear winter days they can keep that up for quite a while. So that's 250 Watts per square meter of panel.
I did some simulations to figure out the exact gain you could get from perfect seasonal and day tracking, it's about 28%, but no tracking system will ever reach that in practice. Typical reasons why you won't get to perfect: tracking systems tend to hunt the clouds if they are not clock based, otoh if they are clock based they tend to perform badly because they use energy to move when they're not producing energy themselves!